ARCTIC ANIMALS -- VICTIMS OF CLIMATE CHANGE

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Read about this bit of disturbing report in today's STAR. There is not enough of these 'wake-up' calls for people to sit up, listen and DO SOMETHING ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE!!! We don't know what directions the coming Copenhagen Climate Change Conference will take ... whether or not all the participating countries will come to a unanimous YES to signing the climate deal. Whatever, you and I can start to make a difference NOW! Changing our lifestyles, our diets, living habits and attitudes can and will help in saving ourselves and our animal co-inhabitants from the point of no return.... STAND UP AND BE COUNTED! Heal the World!

Date : 20th Oct, 2009
Title: CARIBOU CRASH
Author: Charles J Hanley
Source:http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=/2009/10/20/lifefocus/4845504&sec=lifefocus

Caribou herds are among the victims of dramatic changes in the Arctic due to climate change.

ON THE endlessly rolling and tussocky terrain of Yukon Territory, north-west Canada, where man has hunted caribou since the Stone Age, the vast antlered herds are fast growing thin. And it’s not just here.

Across the tundra 1,500km to the east, Canada’s Beverly herd, numbering more than 200,000 a decade ago, can barely be found today. Halfway around the world in Siberia, the biggest aggregation of these migratory animals, of the dun-coloured herds whose sweep across the Arctic’s white canvas is one of nature’s matchless wonders, has shrunk by hundreds of thousands in a few short years.

From wildlife spectacle to wildlife mystery, the decline of the caribou – called reindeer in the Eurasian Arctic – has biologists searching for clues, and finding them. They believe the insidious impact of climate change, its tipping of natural balances and disruption of feeding habits, is decimating a species that has long numbered in the millions and supported human life in Earth’s most inhuman climate.

Many herds have lost more than half their number from the maximums of recent decades, a global survey finds. They “hover on the precipice of a major decline,” it says.

The “people of the caribou,” the native Gwich’in of the Yukon and Alaska, were among the first to sense trouble, in the late 1990s, as their Porcupine herd dwindled. From 178,000 in 1989, the herd – named for the river crossing its range – is now estimated to number 100,000.

“They used to come through by the hundreds,” James Firth of the Gwich’in Renewable Resources Board said.

Off toward distant horizons on a summer afternoon, only small groups of a dozen or fewer migrating caribou could be seen grazing southwards across the spongy landscape, green with a layer of grasses, mosses and lichen over the Arctic permafrost. “I’ve never seen it like this before,” Firth said of the sparse numbers.

More than 50 identifiable caribou herds migrate over huge wilderness tracts in a wide band circling the top of the world. They head north in the spring to ancient calving grounds, then back south through summer and fall to winter ranges closer to northern forests.

The Porcupine herd moves over a 250,000sqkm range, calving in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, near Alaska’s north coast, where proposals for oil drilling have long stirred opposition from environmentalists seeking to protect the caribou.

The global survey by the University of Alberta published in June in the peer-reviewed journal Global Change Biology, has deepened concerns about the caribou’s future. Drawing on scores of other studies, government databases, wildlife management boards and other sources, the biologists found that 34 of 43 herds being monitored worldwide are in decline. The average falloff in numbers was 57% from earlier maximums, they said.

Siberia’s Taimyr herd has declined from one million in 2000 to an estimated 750,000, as reported in the 2008 Arctic Report Card of the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The Taimyr is the world’s largest herd, but Canada and Alaska have more caribou, and the Alberta study reported that 22 of 34 North American herds are shrinking. Data were insufficient to make a judgment on seven others.

Liv Solveig Vors, the June report’s lead author, summarised what is believed behind the caribou crash: “Climate change is changing the way they’re interacting with their food, directly and indirectly.” Global warming has boosted temperatures in the Arctic twice as much as elsewhere, and Canadian researchers say the natural balance is suffering:

> Unusual freezing rains in autumn are locking lichen, the caribou’s winter forage, under impenetrable ice sheets. This was the documented cause in the late 1990s of the near-extinction of the 50,000-strong Peary caribou subspecies on Canada’s High Arctic islands.

> Mosquitoes, flies and insect parasites have always tormented and weakened caribou, but warmer temperatures have aggravated this summertime problem, driving the animals on crazed, debilitating runs to escape, and keeping them from foraging and fattening up for winter.

> The springtime Arctic “green-up” is occurring two weeks or more earlier. The great caribou migrations evolved over ages to catch the shrubs on the calving grounds at their freshest and most nutritious. But pregnant, migrating cows may now be arriving too late.

Vors said caribou are unlikely to adjust. “Evolutionary changes tend to take place over longer time scales than the time scale of climate change at the moment,” she said.

Caribou herds have gone through boom-and-bust cycles historically, but were never known to decline so uniformly worldwide.

In neighbouring North-west Territories, the territorial government last month reported results of its aerial survey of the Bathurst herd: its population has dropped to about 32,000, from 128,000 in 2006.

“The numbers are not getting better. There’s no good news, no indication of recovery,” said J. Michael Miltenberger, the environment and natural resources minister of Yukon. He said “there’s a huge issue” with the Beverly herd, which numbered 276,000 in 1994, ranging over the Canadian tundra 1,500km due north of north Dakota. “We’ve been flying north to south, east to west,” Miltenberger said. “By our count, with the Beverly herd, they’ve all but disappeared.”

Climate change is piling problem upon problem on the caribou, he said, including bogging them down in thawing permafrost and lengthening the wildfire season, burning up their food.

“The cumulative impact is bringing enormous pressure on the caribou,” he said.

And that puts pressure on Canada’s “first nations,” who for at least 8,000 years have relied on the harvest of caribou meat for the winter larder, have settled along migration routes, have built their material culture around the animal – using skin, bones and sinews for clothing, shelter, tools, thread, even their drums.

Here in the timeless, silent beauty of Gwich’in country, his people may face “hard decisions,” Firth acknowledged, perhaps to limit their hunt to ease the pressure. The Yukon government recently restricted hunting to bulls, to spare reproducing cows. But even more may be at stake. On a summer day above the Arctic Circle, binoculars found a group of caribou being stalked by a hungry grizzly bear, a needy predator and another link in an intricate, interdependent natural web that may be unravelling, year by year and degree by degree, on the tundra. – AP